Game Engine for Change, A framework for Balancing the Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Player States at the Heart of Game Design

Abstract

This paper introduces the E4X framework—a theory-informed model for designing persuasive and educational games aimed at changing players' interests, activities, and opinions beyond gameplay. By examining the interplay between play and non-play states and the dynamic roles of user and player, E4X reframes how interactive experiences can drive lasting change. The model synthesizes insights from communication, psychology, and game design to account for the ongoing transitions between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and knowledge states. Grounded in the observation, development, and evaluation of over 50 such games across diverse domains, this work outlines practical strategies for designing and testing playful systems that target transformation. It concludes with a list of methods for testing this and related theories in game design. E4X offers researchers and designers a novel lens for understanding and crafting experiences that extend their influence beyond the screen.